Studying the Effect of Print Orientation on the Poisson Ratio of Additively Manufactured Biocompatible Polymer Samples

I. V. Vindokurov; D. I. Sporysheva; M. A. Tashkinov

doi:10.17804/2410-9908.2026.2.006-018

I. V. Vindokurov, D. I. Sporysheva, M. A. Tashkinov

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF PRINT ORIENTATION ON THE POISSON RATIO OF ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED BIOCOMPATIBLE POLYMER SAMPLES

DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2026.2.006-018

The paper studies the effect of filament orientation in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing on the Poisson ratio and mechanical properties of biocompatible polymers, namely polylactide, polyamide 12, polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, and polyetherimide. Tensile tests are carried out at two orientations of the layers (deposited at 0 and 90° relative to the direction of loading). The Poisson ratio is determined by two contactless methods, namely digital image correlation and video extensometer measurements, which allows the reproducibility and measurement accuracy to be evaluated. Additionally, the values of ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and relative elongation after rupture have been obtained. It is shown that the 0° orientation provides higher strength characteristics compared to the 90° one, which is due to the directed load perception along the printed filaments. At the same time, the influence of orientation on the Poisson ratio is found to be insignificant, with differences recorded only in the third decimal place. The maximum relative deviation between the results of the two measurement methods does not exceed 1.59 %, and it is less than 0.6 % for most materials. The data obtained refine the reference values of the Poisson ratio for additively manufactured polymers, and they can be used in numerical simulation of the stress-strain state of medical devices manufactured by FDM.

Acknowledgement: The results were obtained under the state assignment from the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education for conducting fundamental research (project FSNM-2025-0001).

Keywords: additive manufacturing, biocompatible polymers, Poisson ratio, contactless measurements, digital image correlation, video extensometer measurements

References:

Available at: https://xray.greyb.com/articles/advances-in-high-accuracy-3d-printing
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Vidakis, N., Petousis, M., Velidakis, E., Korlos, A., Kechagias, J.D., Tsikritzis, D., and Mountakis, N. Medical-grade polyamide 12 nanocomposite materials for enhanced mechanical and antibacterial performance in 3D printing applications. Polymers (Basel), 2022, 14 (3), 440. DOI: 10.3390/polym14030440.
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Pinto, V.C., Ramos, T., Alves, A.S., Xavier, J., Tavares, P., Moreira, P.M.G.P., and Guedes, R.M. Dispersion and failure analysis of PLA, PLA/GNP and PLA/CNT-COOH biodegradable nanocomposites by SEM and DIC inspection. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2017, 71, 63–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.06.009.
Peña-Bahamonde, J., San Miguel, V., Baselga, J., Fernández-Blázquez, J.P., Gedler, G., Ozisik, R., and Cabanelas, J.C. Effect of polysulfone brush functionalization on thermo-mechanical properties of melt extruded graphene/polysulfone nanocomposites. Carbon, 2019, 151, 84–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.05.072.
Ferreira, R.T.L., Amatte, I.C., Dutra, T.A., and Bürger, D. Experimental characterization and micrography of 3D printed PLA and PLA reinforced with short carbon fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2017, 124, 88–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.013.
León, N., Martínez, A.B., and Maspoch, M. Notch effect on the linear elastic fracture mechanics values of a polysulfone thermoplastic polymer. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2021, 114, 102995. DOI: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2021.102995.
Zehir, B., Boga, C., and Seyedzavvar, M. Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental investigation of mechanical properties of calcium carbonate and graphene reinforced polylactic acid nanocomposites. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 2023, 29, 187. DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05598-1.
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Annanto, G.P., Ismail, R., Haryanto, I., Ariyanto, M., Pambudi, K.A., and Pranoto, K.A. Numerical analysis of stress and displacement on the index finger of the prosthetic hand due to hook position. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019, 2114 (1), 050017. DOI: 10.1063/1.5112461.
He, L., Kurita, H., Wang, Z., and Narita, F. Structural optimization of PVDF cellular resonators for energy-harvesting enhancement based on backpropagation neural network and NSGA-II algorithm. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2024, 376, 115608. DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.115608.

И. В. Виндокуров, Д. И. Спорышева, М. А. Ташкинов

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ОРИЕНТАЦИИ ПЕЧАТИ НА КОЭФФИЦИЕНТ ПУАССОНА АДДИТИВНО ИЗГОТОВЛЕННЫХ ОБРАЗЦОВ БИОСОВМЕСТИМЫХ ПОЛИМЕРОВ

В работе исследовано влияние ориентации укладки филамента при печати с использованием технологии послойного наплавления филамента (FDM – fused deposition modeling) на коэффициент Пуассона и механические характеристики биосовместимых полимеров: полилактида, полиамида-12, полиэфирэфиркетона, полисульфона и полиэфиримида. Испытания на растяжение проводили при двух ориентациях слоев (0 и 90° относительно направления нагружения). Коэффициент Пуассона определяли двумя бесконтактными методами: с использованием техники корреляции цифровых изображений и видеоэкстензометрии, что позволило оценить воспроизводимость и точность измерений. Дополнительно были получены значения предела прочности, модуля упругости и относительного удлинения после разрыва. Показано, что ориентация 0° обеспечивает более высокие прочностные характеристики по сравнению с ориентацией 90°, что связано с направленным восприятием нагрузки вдоль напечатанных нитей. При этом влияние ориентации на коэффициент Пуассона оказалось незначительным: различия фиксируются лишь в третьем знаке после запятой. Максимальное относительное отклонение между результатами двух методов измерения не превышает 1,59 %, а для большинства материалов составляет менее 0,6 %. Полученные данные уточняют справочные значения коэффициента Пуассона для аддитивно изготовленных полимеров и могут быть использованы при численном моделировании напряженно-деформированного состояния медицинских изделий, изготовленных методом FDM.

Благодарность: Результаты получены при выполнении государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации на выполнение фундаментальных науч-ных исследований (проект FSNM-2025-0001).

Ключевые слова: аддитивное производство, биосовместимые полимеры, коэффициент Пуассона, бесконтактные измерения, корреляция цифровых изображений, видеоэкстензометрия

Библиография:

URL: https://xray.greyb.com/articles/advances-in-high-accuracy-3d-printing
Effect of heat treatment on elastic properties and fracture toughness of fused filament fabricated PEEK for biomedical applications / I. Vindokurov, Yu. Pirogova, M. Tashkinov, V. V. Silberschmidt // Polymers. – 2022. – Vol. 14 (24). – P. 5521. – DOI: 10.3390/polym14245521.
Compression of additively manufactured PLA for biomedical applications: Effects of test conditions on properties of solid samples / I. V. Vindokurov, Yu. Pirogova, M. Tashkinov, V. V. Silberschmidt // Polymer Testing. – 2024. – Vol. 130. – P. 108320. – DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108320.
Understanding of trabecular-cortical transition zone: numerical and experimental assessment of multi-morphology scaffolds / N. Elenskaya, M. Tashkinov, I. Vindokurov, Y. Pirogova, V. V. Silberschmidt // Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. – 2023. – Vol. 147. – P. 106146. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106146.
Medical-grade polyamide 12 nanocomposite materials for enhanced mechanical and antibacterial performance in 3D printing applications / N. Vidakis, M. Petousis, E. Velidakis, A. Korlos, J. D. Kechagias, D. Tsikritzis, N. Mountakis // Polymers (Basel). – 2022. – Vol. 14 (3). – P 440. – DOI: 10.3390/polym14030440.
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Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for medical applications / I. V. Panayotov, V. Orti, F. Cuisinier, J. Yachouh // Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. – 2016. – Vol. 27 (7). – P. 118. – DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5731-4.
DeStefano V., Khan S., Tabada A. Applications of PLA in modern medicine // Engineered Regeneration. – 2020. – Vol. 1 (5). – P. 76–87. – DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2020.08.002.
Recent advancements in polyethyleneimine-based materials and their biomedical, biotechnology, and biomaterial applications / Z. Chen, Z. Lv, Y. Sun, Z. Chi, G. Qing // Journal of Materials Chemistry B. – 2020. – Vol. 8 (15). – P. 2951–2973. – DOI: 10.1039/C9TB02271F.
Additive manufacturing of wet-spun polysulfone medical implants / D. Puppi, S. Braccini, A. Battisti, A. Manariti, G. Pecorini, S. K. Samal // ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering. – 2023. – Vol. 9 (9). – P. 5418–5429. – DOI:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00711.
On the sensitivity of ultrasonic welding of epoxy- to polyetheretherketone (PEEK)-based composites to the heating time during the welding process / E. Tsiangou, J. Kupski, S. Teixeira de Freitas, R. Benedictus, I. F. Villegas // Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. – 2021. – Vol. 144. – P. 106334. – DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106334.
Characterization and modelling of the microstructural and mechanical properties of additively manufactured continuous fiber polymer composites / P. Cuccarollo, A. Pontefisso, P. A. Carraro, M. Quaresimin // Composites Science and Technology. – 2025. – Vol. 260. – P. 110986. – DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110986.
Giannopoulos G. I. Linking MD and FEM to predict the mechanical behaviour of fullerene reinforced nylon-12 // Composites Part B: Engineering. – 2019. – Vol. 161. – P. 455–463. – DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.110.
Isaac C. W., Duddeck F., Ha N. S. Axial crushing response of novel toothed gear bio-inspired 3D printed energy absorbing structures // International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. – 2025. – Vol. 288. – P. 110033. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110033.
Contribution of Raman analysis on tribological study of PEEK reinforced with micro or nano SiC particles / K. Delbé, M. Doumeng, J. Denape, T. Mérian, F. Berthet, O. Marsan, F. Chabert // Wear. – 2025. – Vol. 570. – P. 205927. – DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205927.
Darwish Y., ElGawady M. A. Numerical and experimental investigation of negative stiffness beams and honeycomb structures // Engineering Structures. – 2024. – Vol. 301. – P. 117163. – DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.117163.
Xu H., Liu H. T., Li G. F. In-plane characteristics of a multi-arc re-entrant auxetic honeycomb with enhanced negative Poisson’s ratio effect and energy absorption // Journal of Mechanics – A/Solids. – 2025. – Vol. 109. – P. 105473. – DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2024.105473.
Mechanical, chemical, and processing properties of specimens manufactured from poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) using 3d printing / M. Mrówka, T. Machoczek, P. Jureczko, K. Joszko, M. Gzik, W. Wolański, K. Wilk // Materials. – 2021. – Vol. 14 (11). – P. 2717. – DOI: 10.3390/ma14112717.
Topology optimization and 3D printing of micro-drone: Numerical design with experimental testing / Y. L. Yap, W. Toh, A. Giam, F. R. Yong, K. I. Chan, J. W. S. Tay, S. S. Teong, R. Lin, T. Ng // International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 237. – P. 107771. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107771.
Contact fatigue life prediction of PEEK gears based on CTAB-GAN data augmentation / Z. Lu, S. Reitschuster, Th. Tobie, K. Stahl, H. Liu, X. Hu // Engineering Fracture Mechanics. – 2024. – Vol. 312. – P. 110639. – DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2024.110639.
Multiscale modeling of PEEK using reactive molecular dynamics modeling and micromechanics / W. A. Pisani, M. S. Radue, S. Chinkanjanarot, B. A. Bednarcyk, E. J. Pineda, K. Waters, R. Pandey, J. A. King, G. M. Odegard // Polymer. – 2019. – Vol. 163. – DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.052.
Machine learning guided design of mechanically efficient metamaterials with auxeticity / Q. Zhou, A. Zhao, H. Wang, C. Liu // Materials Today Communications. – 2024. – Vol. 39. – DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108944.
Gazzola C., Caverni S., Corigliano A. From mechanics to acoustics: Critical assessment of a robust metamaterial for acoustic insulation application // Applied Acoustics. – 2021. – Vol. 183. – DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2021.108311.
Dispersion and failure analysis of PLA, PLA/GNP and PLA/CNT-COOH biodegradable nanocomposites by SEM and DIC inspection / V. C. Pinto, T. Ramos, A. S. F. Alves, J. Xavier, P. J. Tavares, P. M. G. P. Moreira, R. M. Guede // Engineering Failure Analysis. – 2017. – Vol. 71. – P. 63–71. – DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.06.009.
Effect of polysulfone brush functionalization on thermo-mechanical properties of melt extruded graphene/polysulfone nanocomposites / J. Peña-Bahamonde, V. San-Miguel, J. Baselga, J. P. Fernández-Blázquez, G. Gedler, R. Ozisik, J. C. Cabanelas // Carbon. – 2019. – Vol. 151. – P. 84–93. – DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.05.072.
Experimental characterization and micrography of 3D printed PLA and PLA reinforced with short carbon fibers / R. T. L. Ferreira, I. C. Amatte, T. A. Dutra, D. Bürger // Composites Part B: Engineering. – 2017. – Vol. 124. – P. 88–100. – DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.013.
León N., Martínez A. B., Maspoch M. Notch effect on the linear elastic fracture mechanics values of a polysulfone thermoplastic polymer // Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. – 2021. – Vol. 114. – P. 102995. – DOI: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2021.102995.
Zehir B., Boga C., Seyedzavvar M. Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental investigation of mechanical properties of calcium carbonate and graphene reinforced polylactic acid nanocomposites // Journal of Molecular Modeling. – 2023. – Vol. 29. – 187. – DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05598-1.
Boersma A., Cangialosi D., Picken S. J. Mobility and solubility of antioxidants and oxygen in glassy polymers. III. Influence of deformation and orientation on oxygen permeability // Polymer. – 2003. – Vol. 44. – P. 2463–2471. – DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00039-9.
Role of infill parameters on the mechanical performance and weight reduction of PEI Ultem processed by FFF / A. Forés-Garriga, M. A. Pérez, G. Gómez-Gras, G. Reyes-Pozo // Materials & Design. – 2020. – Vol. 193. – P. 108810. – DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108810.
Torabi A. R., Shahbaz S., Ayatollahi M. R. Tensile fracture prediction of 3D-printed V-notched PLA specimens: application of VIMC-MEMC in conjunction with brittle fracture criteria // Engineering Fracture Mechanics. – 2024. – 310. – P. 110497. – DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2024.110497.
Numerical analysis of stress and displacement on the index finger of the prosthetic hand due to hook position / G. P. Annanto, R. Ismail, I. Haryanto, M. Ariyanto, Kh. A. Pambudi, K. A. Pranoto // AIP Conference Proceedings. – Vol. 2114 (1). – P. 50017. – DOI: 10.1063/1.5112461.
Structural optimization of PVDF cellular resonators for energy-harvesting enhancement based on backpropagation neural network and NSGA-II algorithm / L. He, H. Kurita, Z. Wang, F. Narita // Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. – 2024. – Vol. 376. – P. 115608. – DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.115608.

Библиографическая ссылка на статью

Vindokurov I. V., Sporysheva D. I., Tashkinov M. A. Studying the Effect of Print Orientation on the Poisson Ratio of Additively Manufactured Biocompatible Polymer Samples // Diagnostics, Resource and Mechanics of materials and structures. - 2026. - Iss. 2. - P. 6-18. -
DOI: 10.17804/2410-9908.2026.2.006-018. -
URL: http://dream-journal.org/issues/2026-2/2026-2_566.html
(accessed: 26.09.2026).